Pisa+tower

** //PISA TOWER(MANUEL RAMALLO ROCHA)// ** = =

**__ 1.- DESCRIPTION __**

= = > sa is the bell tower. It was built to stand vertically but began leaning slightly as soon as construction began in August 1173. The tower height is 55, 7 to 55, 8 meters extending 4 , 5 m from the vertical. The tower has 8 levels , a database with 15 columns, arches , 6 levels with an external colonnade surmounted by the = =
 * Built: Year of construction: The Tower of Pisa was built in the Middle Ages, was built in three phases. The firstphase lasts five years , from 1173. For completion of the Tower of Pisa had to spend 200 years
 * Location (City, Country and Continent): The Tower of Pisa is in Pisa in the Tuscan city in Italy in the European continent <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. ** (Add a map in **
 * media type="custom" key="14077912"<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Type of structure: <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Leaning Tower of Pisa
 * <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">steeple.The internal staircase has 294 spiral steps. Is cylindrical and seven bodies are surrounded by 207 columns. Its walls are reinforced with heavy iron bars and was promoted to the upper platform by a staircase of 330 steps that go up but engineers and technicians to auscultarla <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">.
 * <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Construction on the first floor of marble began in a period of military success and prosperity. The first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical capitals and arches <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">.
 * **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Short information about the structure (history, dimensions...) **


 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.- WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OR USES OF THE STRUCTURE? __**

<span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Tower of Pisa is used as a good tourist attraction <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, so <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">move the transport <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, accommodation <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">for all those who visit the city to find the Tower of Pisa <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, leisure <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">and takespeople on holiday have fun and do other activities. Also for the industry because hisimage is on cellos in T-shirts, all kinds of paper that are then sold and that people buy as a souvenir <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">.
 * We use the - name of the structure: **

media type="youtube" key="zvxIRL8q8CE" height="315" width="560" = =

<span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The elements of the structure are: <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Columns = = = = <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">beams = = <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">arches = = <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">tower = = <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">pillars <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">roof
 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.- WHAT DIFFERENT PARTS ARE THERE? Elements of the stru __****__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">cture... __**

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">stairs = =

==<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">bell == = =


 * (you __have to add a picture__ of the elements of the structure) **


 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4.- WHAT DO YOU THINK IT IS MADE OF? __** **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED ** //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">: //

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Original stones: <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Marble of San Giuliano, the stone used in building the Tower: inner and outer faces of the foundation walls and the cylindrical structure, columns and other structural elements of the lodges and in the belfry. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Breccia Agnano, used only in the second phase of construction, mainly in the inside of the walls of the cylinder. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Limestone Filletole dark gray, used especially in the dark bands ornamental facade. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Quartzite, mainly used to form the door frames and architraves. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Breccia of Caprona, rarely used as source material. In later times was used to replace some capitals and bases of the columns. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Limestone, present only as gravel in the concrete to fill. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Calcarenites found sporadically in the aggregate of the concrete and filling the inside of the walls of the cylinder. Probably was used to form the curls of the lodges <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Granodiorite of the island of Elba, used in some of the middle columns of the base (first floor). <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Stones used in the restorations: <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Marbles Apuana region (white Carrara and its varieties), worked in the quarries that surrounded the famous resort, 50 km north of Pisa. Were used only as replacement material of San Giuliano marble in many architectural elements, especially for columns (in some cases up <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">was used to replace damaged ornamental bands, which was originally used dark gray limestone Filettole.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- The Granite, was used to replace small areas on the half-columns of granodiorite. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Serpentinite, tiny fragments of this litotipo replaced dark gray limestone Filettole. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Sandstone "Macigno" was used on stairs, very limited. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">With respect to structural integrity, the most critical cross-section was temporarily tightened in 1992 by steel cables and straps placed around the outside of the wall in the first lodge. These cables exert a slight circular precompression prevents buckling of the stones, and improves the resistance to vertical compression. Also in the stairwell were placed several metal frames. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">- Steel plates on the outside of the walls of marble (the anchor is placed inside the marble blocks of the outer facade.

<span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The Tower of Pisa by its nature, its structure has a torsion and bending and leaning to one side. It also presents a tension where you placed the steel cables <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">No compressionbecause there is a reduction of the space (volume)
 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">5.- STRESSES IN THE STRUCTURE __****<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: **


 * (you __have to add a picture__of the stresses that affects the main elements of the structure!) **


 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">6.- STABILITY, RIGIDITY AND RESISTANCE __**
 * **<span style="background-color: white; color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 9.5pt;">This structure is made rigid by :yes **
 * <span style="background-color: white; color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 9.5pt;">This structure is made stable by : <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> the use of <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">steel cables for improved strength and can be maintained in a more upright
 * <span style="background-color: white; color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 9.5pt;">This structure is made resistant by : <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">• This structure is resistant to materials that are hard, a


 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">7.- Picture Gallery __**

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 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">8.- More information: __**
 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">9.- CURIOSITIES __**


 * ( **media type="youtube" key="YbFn1qssysw" height="315" width="560"

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<span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">I really liked because I learned about the Tower of Pisa as having 8 floors, and the bell tower is the top floor and has 7 bells, which is built on a swamp with little stability to what is due to their inclination, and two hundred years it took to complete. I also learned that it is made of materials like marble <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">, iron, <span class="hps" style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">concrete, steel, etc <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">.
 * __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">10.- PERSONAL COMMENTS __**
 * (__What you've learnt, your opin__ **

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: 584.5px; width: 1px;">**__<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">8.- Picture Gallery __**
 * __ion about the struct__ **** __ure, et.__ **